/** \mainpage Open62541 Developer Documentation OPC UA (short for OPC Unified Architecture) is a protocol for industrial communication and has been standardized in the IEC62541. At its core, OPC UA defines a set of services to interact with a server-side object-oriented information model. Besides the service-calls initiated by the client, push-notification of remote events (such as data changes) can be negotiated with the server. The client/server interaction is mapped either to a binary encoding and TCP-based transmission or to SOAP-based webservices. As of late, OPC UA is marketed as the one standard for non-realtime industrial communication. We believe that it is best to understand OPC UA from the inside out, building upon conceptually simple first principles. After establishing a first understanding, we go on explaining how these principles are realized in detail. Examples are given based on the open62541 implementation of the standard.

OPC UA, a collection of services

In OPC-UA, all communication is based on service calls, each consisting of a request and a response message. Be careful to note the difference between services and methods. Services are pre-defined in the standard and cannot be changed. But you can use the Call service to invoke user-defined methods on the server. For completeness, the following tables contain all services defined in the standard. Do not bother with their details yet. We will introduce the different services later in the text. In open62541, each service is implemented in a single function. See the \ref services section for details. Establishing communication
Discovery Service Set SecureChannel Service Set Session Service Set
FindServers OpenSecureChannel CreateSession
GetEndpoints CloseSecureChannel ActivateSession
RegisterServer CloseSession
Cancel
Interaction with the information model
NodeManagement Service Set View Service Set Query Service Set Attribute Service Set Method Service Set
AddNodes Browse QueryFirst Read Call
AddReferences BrowseNext QueryNext HistoryRead
DeleteNodes TranslateBrowsePathsToNodeIds Write
DeleteReferences RegisterNodes HistoryUpdate
UnregisterNodes
Notifications
MonitoredItem Service Set Subscription Service Set
CreateMonitoredItems CreateSubscription
ModifyMonitoredItems ModifySubscription
SetMonitoringMode SetPublishingMode
SetTriggering Publish
DeleteMonitoredItems Republish
TransferSubscription
DeleteSubscription

OPC UA, a web of nodes

The information model in each OPC UA server is a web of interconnected nodes. There are eight different types of nodes. Depending on its type, every node contains different attributes. Some attributes, such as the NodeId (unique identifier) and the BrowseName, are contained in all node types.
ReferenceTypeNode MethodNode
DataTypeNode ObjectTypeNode
VariableTypeNode ObjectNode
VariableNode ViewNode
Nodes are interconnected by directed reference-triples of the form (nodeid, referencetype, target-nodeid). Therefore an OPC UA information model is easiest imagined as a web of nodes. Reference types can be - standard- or user-defined and - either non-hierarchical (e.g., indicating the type of a variable-node) or hierarchical (e.g., indicating a parent-child relationship).

OPC UA, a protocol

The OPC UA protocol (both binary and XML-based) is based on 25 built-in datatypes. In open62541, these are defined in ua_types.h.
Boolean Float StatusCode
SByte Double QualifiedName
Byte String LocalizedText
Int16 DateTime ExtensionObject
UInt16 Guid DataValue
Int32 ByteString Variant
UInt32 XmlElement DiagnosticInfo
Int64 NodeId  
UInt64 ExpandedNodeId  
The builtin datatypes are combined to more complex structures. When the structure contains an array, then the size of the array is stored in an Int32 value just before the array itself. A size of -1 indicates an undefined array. Positive sizes (and zero) have the usual semantics. Most importantly, every service has a request and a response message defined as such a data structure. The entire OPC UA protocol revolves around the exchange of these request and response messages. Their exact definitions can be looked up here: https://opcfoundation.org/UA/schemas/Opc.Ua.Types.bsd.xml. In open62541, we autogenerate the C-structs to handle the standard-defined structures automatically. See ua_types_generated.h for comparison. */